Azoospermia, the complete lack of spermatozoa in the semen, is a rare condition. Typically, it results from occlusion of the vas deferens, which may result from previous surgery or medical conditions such as cystic fibrosis. Another potential cause is the congenital absence or occlusion of the vas deferens.

Typically, the testes produce sperm, however their transport to the urethra is somehow blocked. A testicular biopsy can be performed. The tissue can then be inspected and sperm, if present, can be extracted and prepared for ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection) associated with IVF (in-vitro fertilization).

If no sperm can be retrieved, IUI (intrauterine insemination) using donor sperm is another option.

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